is the dominant framework in law and industry – it works within existing systems and produces measurable, if limited, improvements. Animal rights is a moral horizon – rarely fully achieved but pushes the conversation toward abolition of the cruellest practices and recognition of animal personhood.
The end of animals in entertainment, such as circuses or marine parks. Legal standing for non-human animals in court. The Intersection of Science and Sentience Bestiality -27-
: Historically, many jurisdictions treated animals as property. However, recent judicial shifts—such as rulings in Oregon—have begun recognizing animals as sentient beings with basic welfare rights. is the dominant framework in law and industry
Pragmatic and incremental improvements (e.g., larger cages). Philosophical and ideological (e.g., no cages). Often data-driven, using the "Five Freedoms" model. Based on moral "subjecthood" and inherent autonomy. Key Features of Animal Welfare Legal standing for non-human animals in court