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| Factor | How It Influences Abuse Dynamics | |--------|-----------------------------------| | | Deep‑rooted expectations about male authority and female submissiveness can normalize controlling behaviors, making it harder for victims to label experiences as “abuse.” | | Familismo (Family Loyalty) | Strong emphasis on family cohesion may pressure survivors to stay silent to protect family reputation or avoid “shame.” | | Acculturation Stress | Recent immigrants often confront language barriers, legal insecurity, and economic hardship, heightening vulnerability to exploitation and intimate‑partner violence. | | Undocumented Status | Fear of deportation can deter victims from contacting law enforcement or social services, even when they are the ones being abused. | | Economic Dependence | Limited access to stable, well‑paying jobs can trap survivors in abusive relationships for financial survival. |