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However, older facilities or systems with design limitations (e.g., pump cavitation issues at low flow, dead legs, or undersized pumps) may not be able to achieve or sustain these high flow rates during thermal treatment. Historically, regulators viewed low-flow sanitization with skepticism due to concerns about "cold spots" where bacteria could survive.

First presented in 2013, LER occurs when specific drug formulations—typically those containing a combination of a (like citrate or phosphate) and a surfactant pda technical report 82